Which menu must a user choose to add the Table of Contents back to a map document?

To add the Table of Contents back to a map document in ArcGIS Desktop, you would navigate to the Windows menu. The Windows menu provides options related to the various panels and elements within the ArcGIS interface, including the Table of Contents, which is crucial for managing layers and understanding the structure of your map document.

The Table of Contents is essential because it displays all the layers available in your map, allowing users to toggle their visibility, reorder them, or access layer properties. By selecting the appropriate option in the Windows menu, users can effectively restore this vital component if it has been accidentally closed.

The other menu options do not contain this specific functionality; the Insert menu focuses primarily on adding new elements to a map or layout, the View menu typically deals with how windows and toolbars are displayed, while the Edit menu is concerned with modifying existing features or attributes within the GIS system. Thus, when aiming to manage the interface and access the Table of Contents, the Windows menu is the correct choice.